Nonconformity

A failure to meet a requirement of the standard, of your own management system, or of a legal obligation you have brought into scope. Clause 10.2 requires you to react, correct, find the root cause and check that the corrective action worked. Certification bodies grade findings as major (a breakdown that blocks certification until closed) or minor (an isolated lapse, closed through an agreed plan); an "opportunity for improvement" is not a nonconformity.